DL (Table 1). Elevated CAT (Figure 1) and SOD (Figure two) activities, at the same time as accelerated SH oxidation (Figure three) have been noted in SOL muscle obtained from HFD rats. CAT and SOD activities had been improved in DP compared to DC (p 0.01; p 0.05, respectively). Moreover SOD activity in CP was greater when compared with CC (p 0.005), and DC (p 0.05). Such changes have been not observed in EDL muscle (Table two).Nutrients 2013, five Table 1. Activities of oxidative metabolism enzymes in soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle tissues after 12 weeks of remedy (signifies E).Groups CC SOL HADH (mU/mg protein) CS (mU/mg protein) Fum (mU/mg protein) EDL HADH (mU/mg protein) CS (mU/mg protein) Fum (mU/mg protein) 133 151 6 150 2 61 163 four 124 CP 134 150 136 62 151 0 118 DC 180 2 179 four 169 1 69 158 8 119 DP 184 168 155 0 63 140 108 p 0.001 key effect on the eating plan; p 0.05 primary effect of the diet plan.Figure 1. Catalase activity in SOL muscle; manage diet plan (CC), control diet and EtP (CP), HFD (DC), HFD and EtP (DP). Values are indicates SE. p 0.05 as in comparison to CC; p 0.005 as when compared with CC; p 0.005 as in comparison to CP; ## p 0.01 as in comparison with DC.Table 2. Antioxidant enzymes activities and sulfhydryl groups in EDL muscle soon after 12 weeks of treatment (signifies E).Groups CC EDL CAT (U/mg protein) SOD (U/mg protein) SH (nmol/mg protein) 1.86 .07 50.six .0 272 CP 1.54 .13 51.0 .3 262 DC 1.90 .20 51.1 .6 275 1 DP 1.87 .15 45.1 .4 257 Nutrients 2013, 5 Figure 2. Superoxide dismutase activity in SOL muscle; control eating plan (CC), manage diet plan and EtP (CP), HFD (DC), HFD and EtP (DP). Values are signifies SE. p 0.05 as in comparison with CC; p 0.005 as compared to CC; # p 0.05 as in comparison with DC.Figure 3. Sulfhydryl groups concentration in SOL muscle; manage diet (CC), handle diet regime and EtP (CP), HFD (DC), HFD and EtP (DP). Values are suggests SE. p 0.05 as when compared with CC; p 0.01 as in comparison with CC; p 0.005 as in comparison to CC.Plasma insulin concentration after 12 weeks of HFD was higher than in control rats. In addition, EtP supplementation triggered the elevation of insulin in both groups CP and DP. The concentration of glucose and HbA1c did not transform significantly in either group (Table three).Nutrients 2013, 5 Table 3. Plasma insulin, glucose and HbA1c in rats right after 12 weeks of remedy (indicates E).Groups Insulin (ng/mL) Glucose (mg/dL) HbA1c ( ) CC 0.49 .14 92.6 .8 4.83 .13 CP 1.48 .28 94.5 .two four.73 .10 DC 1.19 .27 94.1 .eight 4.70 .05 DP 1.52 .19 96.3 .four 4.71 . p 0.01 as in comparison to CC; p 0.05 as compared to CC; p 0.005 as in comparison with CC.There was a weak but important constructive correlation between plasma insulin concentration and CAT (r2 = 0.16; p = 0.04), and SOD (r2 = 0.1421312-00-6 supplier 23; p = 0.Formula of 4-Ethynylpiperidine hydrochloride 01) in SOL muscle.PMID:22943596 4. Discussion In the current study, 12 weeks of HFD rats treatment triggered an increase in mitochondrial and antioxidant enzymes activities only in SOL muscle, which was associated with SH oxidation. This effect was not abolished by EtP supplementation. Additionally, EtP intake alone for six weeks elevated SOD activity and SH oxidation, though no modification in mitochondrial metabolism was revealed. This observation will not agree with our hypothesis that EtP supplementation would ameliorate impaired by HFD mitochondrial metabolism. Over current years, numerous research have provided data to indicate that abnormalities in skeletal muscle metabolism are implicated inside the development of insulin resistance. HFD remedy in animal models induced obesity and variety 2 d.